Electrical system of distribution.



A. S. HUBBARD.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM o1' DISTRIBUTION.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 7, 1909.

1,106,51 O. Patented Aug.11,1914

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A. S. HUBBARD.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 0F DISTRIBUTION.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 7, 1909.

1,1 06,510. Patented Aug. 11,1914

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

WITNESSES IN VE/V TOI? Tlv-IE NORRIS PETERS CO.4 PHOTO-LITHO.. WASHINGTON, D. C.'

A. S. HUBBARD.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 0F DISTRIBUTION.

APPLIGATION FILED AUG. 7. 190s.

l, 1 06,5 1 O. Patented Aug. 11,1914.

4 SHEETS-SHEET a. R

PHE NORRIS PETERS CO., I"HO7`O-LITHOvl WASHINGTUN. D C.

A. S. HUBBARD.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 0F DISTRIBUTION.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 7, 1909.

1,106,510, Patented .11,1914,

4 su -SHBET 4.

UNITED STATES 'PATENT OFFICE.

ALBERT S. HUBBARD, OF BELLEVILLE, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR T0 GOULD STORAGE BATTERY COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK. i

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION.

Patented Aug. 11, 1914.

Application led August 7, 1909. Serial No. 511,682.

To all whom t may concern:

Be it known that I, ALBERT S. HUBBARD, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Belleville, Essex county, State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electrical Systems of Distribution, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to electrical systems of distribution and to particular arrangements of apparatus which maybe used in connection therewith.

My invention is more especially designed with respect to systems in which an alternating current circuit is supplied from a suitable source and a storage apparatus is arranged to be charged from said circuit and to discharge to said circuit.

One object of my invention is to provide an arrangement and parts which will more economically and efiiciently regulate the operation of such systems.

Further objects, features and advantages will more clearly appear from the detail description given below taken in connection with the accompanying drawings which form a part of this specification.

In the drawings, Figure 1 shows diagrammatically a system embodying one form of my improvements. Fig. 2 is a diagram representingr the voltages applied in the auxiliary regulating circuit of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a diagram of curves representing the current in said circuit. Fig. 4 represents a modified system embodying one form of my invention, and Fig. 5 represents still another modified system embodying my invention. Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating one of the regulating machines of the system.

Referring to Fig. 1, 1 represents a main alternating current generator feeding a single phase alternating current circuit 2, 2. Any suitable translating devices or load may be connected to the circuit 2, 2 in the usual manner. 3 represents a rotary converter driven by a shaft 4, connected to the main dynamo 1. 5 represents a storage battery connected in a direct current circuit 6 across the brushes 7 of the direct current end of the rotary converter 3. The converter 3 may be` excited by field coils 8 connected across the brushes 7. The alternating current end of the converter 3 is connected to the circuit 2, 2, in parallel with the generator 1 by means of conductors 9. In series with the battery 5 in the circuit 6 is a booster 10 having a suitable field coil 11. i Field coil 1l is connected in a circuit 12 in which are connected the secondaries 13, 14, of transformers 15 and 16 respectively, the primaries 17 and 18 thereof bein connected in series in the single phase circuit 2, 2. Transformers 15 and 16 are oppositely connected so that at any instant their electromotive forces, which are produced in the circuit 12, are substantially equal and opposed to one another. 19 represents an aluminum rectifier connected across the secondary 13 of transformer 15, and 20 represents a similar rectifier connected directly across the secondary 14 of the transformer 16.

The operation of the system shown in Fig. 1 is as follows: With a normal average load on the circuit 2, 2 the strength of the field coil 11l is such that the electromotive force of the battery 5 and booster 10 taken together is just sufficient to cause the battery to float and the converter 3 will transfer energy in neither one direction nor the other. If, however, the load on the system should increase a greater current will be produced in the circuit 12, 12, by transformers 15and 16, so that the booster 10 will receive a greater excitation in a direction to increase the electromotive force of the circuit 6, 6 at the brushes 7, 7, so that the converter 3 will transfer energy to the alternating)r current side thereof, whence it will be delivered to the circuit 2, 2, by conductors'9, so that the battery will take substantially the increase in load on the system. In a similar manner if the load on the system decreases the excitation of booster 10 decreases so that the electromotive force at the brushes 7 is decreased and the converter 3 will transfer energy from the circuit 2, 2, to the direct current circuit 6, 6, in a direction to charge the battery 5 in a well known manner.

The operation of the auxiliary circuit 12, 12, is as follows: The aluminum rectifier 19 being connected directly across the terminals of the secondary 13 it will thus shortcircuit said secondary when the voltage produced is in one direct-ion but will not shortcircuit the same when the voltage is in the other direction. This is due to the nature of the rectifier 19, which is of that type which allows a current to pass through it in in .which the solid line curve 21 represents the voltage produced by transformer 15 and the dotted line curve 22 represents the voltage produced by transformer' 16. Assuming that the upper portions of these curves are positive and the lower portions negative g K taken by the battery 1n a most efficient and the rectifier 19will short-circuit the transformer 15 at those periods of time represented by the lighter or negative portions of the curve 21, so that at those periods of time, the secondary 13 being sliort-circuited, the transformer 15 `will produce no current in the circuit 12, 12. The transformer 16 being oppositely connected to the transformer :fied system, in which 24 represents a source ofthree-phase alternating` current feeding V'the three-phase circuits 25, 26 and 27. lrepresents a storage battery connected in a 15 the electroniotive force produced by its secondary in the circuit 12, 12 will be positive at the time that that of the transformer 15 will be negative and vice versa.

In a similar manner the rectifier 2O shortcircuits th-e secondary 14 when its electromotive force is negative but not when its elcctroniotive force is positive, so that the transformer 16 will produce no current in the circuit 12, 12 during those periods of time represented by the light dotted lines 22. lt will thus be apparent that the transformers 15 and 16 with the aluminum rectiers 19 and 2O produce a current.Y in the circuit 12, 12, in which the lower or negative portions are eliminated and in which only the upper or positive portions are maintained, the result being that a uni-directional pulsating current, as represented by curve 23 in Fig. 3, is produced in the circuit 12, 12. The magnitude of this current, however, varies with the magnitude of the load on the alternating current circuit 2, 2 and the pulsations of'tliis uni-directional current have the same frequency as those of the alternating current circuit 2, 2, and are substantiallyin phase therewith. Because of this operation the booster 10 is excited by a pulsating current, so that it produces a pulsating electroinotive force and consequently causes, when the battery is discharging, a pulsating` current to be forced through the converter 3. In this manner the converter 3 produces an alternating current electromotive force at its alternating current and substantially in phase with that of the circuit 2, 2, which electromotive force is increased over what it would be if the booster 10 were not in circuit, but it will be apparent from the above that the voltage of the converter 3 is only varied or increased fiuctuatingly in accordance with the frequency of the circuit 2, 2, so that the direct current circuit is caused to deliver energy to the conductors 9 and circuit 2, 2, only when power is being produced in said circuit. That is, when the current or power curve on the alternating current circuit 2, 2, passes through zero, the current in coil 11 comes back to zero, as shown in F 3, and discharge of the battery comes back to zero, so that the battery discharges fluctuatingly to cause a pulsating power to be supplied to the alternating current circuit 2, 2, in accordance with the fluctuating power being discharged thereover, so that eXtra load upon the alternating current circuit 2, 2, is

manner the economical manner. ln this lbattery isnot supplying energy when it is not needed, and the result is to produce a compensatory storage apparatus which discharges with a pulsating effect as distinguished from a fly wheel effect.

Referring to Fig. 4, I there show a modidirect current circuit 29 across the direct :current end of a rotary converter 30. `Con- .verter 30 is excited by fields 31 shown, con- ;nected across its direct current end. Driven from the converter 30 by shaft 31 are two boosters 32 and 33. Each of the threephases of the alternating` current end of the converter 30 are connected to the threephases 25, 2G and 27 by means of conductors 34, 35 and 3G respectively. The booster 3; is arranged in series in conductor 3G so as tov effect that phase only while the booster 33 is arranged in series with the conductors 34 and 35 so as to effect those phases only.

`The booster is excited by i eld windings 37 connected across the direct current end of the converter 30. A rheostat 33 included in series therewith for purposes of regulation. The booster 32 is provided with field windings 39 connected across the alternating current end of a converter 40, by means of conductors 41. rfhe converter 40 is preferably of that type fully shown and described in Van `Wagenen Patent, 869,279, dated Oct. 29, 1907, so that it transmits the energy supplied to it without producing any generator action. 42 represents a rectifier which is preferably of the type fully shown and described in Hubbard Patent, No. 869,244, dated Oct. 29, 1907. The alternating current end of the rcctincr 42 is connected to the secondary of a transformer 43 by means of conductors 44. rEhe primary of the transformer 43 is connected in series in the conductor 27 of the main alternating current circuit. Both the converter 49 and rectifier 42 are driven by a. synchronous motor 45 supplied from thc main alternating current circuit through a transformer 46. The motor 45 may be excited by fields 47 connected across a direct current commutator 48 thereon.

The rectifier 42 is supplied with an alternating current which varies in accordance with that phase of the polyphase alternating current on the main circuit represented by conductor 27. This current after being rectified to the apparatus 42 is supplied to a direct current circuit 49 and at the same time is made responsive to power factor changes of the system. For this purpose a by-pass circuit 50 with variable resistance 51 included therein is connected across the commutator 52 of the machine 42 at points substantially 90 electrical degrees from the brushes 53 feeding the circuit 49. This operation is fully explained in the Hubbard patent above mentioned. However a more clear idea of the operation of the machine 42 will be derived from a consideration of Fig. 6. In this figure the machine 42 is shown with distributed windings 42 supplied from the circuit 44 through suitable slip rings. The various coils 42' are connected to the commutator 52 which is provided with the main brushes 53 for taking off the rectified current. Supposing the windings to be stationary, then when a single phase alternating current is applied to the windings 42 a flux is produced, the north pole of which alternately shifts from one side of the windings to the other. By rotating the windings in synchronism the position of the north pole may be always on one side of the windings, but moving through an angle of 180O and increasing from 0 to a maximuni, and then dropping to O while moving through said angle. But the position 'of the maximum flux will always be the same With constant power factor. Thus the position of the flux at the instant it is at its maximum will always be the same with unity power factor. Although the value and position of the flux may vary due to the alternating current, nevertheless the position of the north pole at the instant of maximum flux is substantially fixed. This will produce a unidirectional voltage at both sets of brushes 58, 53 and 50, 50, and the current taken off by these brushes will be proportional to that in the conductor 27. The current taken by the circuit 50, 50 is not large because of the resistance 51, and

" at any rate the total current in the machine 42 is so small that the current lost in the by-pass circuit 50, 50 may be neglected as far as energy loss is concerned. Vith unity power factor and a given load each circuit 49 and 50 takes a given unidirectional current which is practically a direct current because the pulsations are largely smoothed out by the inductances in the circuits. The currents taken by the circuits 49 and 50 react upon the rotating windings 42', similar to the armature current in a direct current dynamo, but these are so small and to a certain extent offset one another so their effect to change the position of the original flux is not harmful. However, they probably do affect the position of the original flux somewhat, but a resultant is obtained which has its maximum always at a given position with unity power factor. If now the power factor change this causes the resultant maximum flux to slightly shift to assume a new position corresponding to the change in power factor, thereby causing a relative change in currents taken by the circuits 49 and 50, the circuit 49 taking less current and the circuit 50 taking more current corresponding to the wattless component in the main circuit. That is by the slight shifting of the poles when at a maximum flux due to power factor changes, the auxiliary brushes no longer remain at the points of zero difference of potential with respect to the position of the maximum flux, but an additional electromotive force is produced thereacross responsive to wattless energy changes of the system. The current supplied to the circuit 49 is again converted into alternating current by means of the rectifier 40, which is similar to the machine 42 with the exception that the auxiliary circuit 50 and its brushes are omitted, so that the field 39 of the booster 32 is supplied with alternating current which varies in accordance with variations of load on that phase of the main circuit indicated by conductor 27, which varies in accordance with power factor changes thereof and whose frequency is the same as that of the phase indicated by conductor 27. In this manner the booster 32 is thus excited with an alternating current such that it produces an alternating electromotive force in the conductor 36 which is substantially in phase with the power distributed by the conductor 27 of the main circuit.

The further operation of the system is as follows: Vith a normal or average load upon the system the strength of field coils 37 and 39 is such that the converter 80 transfers energy in neither one direction nor the other and the battery floats across the line. If now an increase of load takes place upon t-he system upon that phase thereof which is indicated by the conductor 27, an increase. in current supplied to the rectifier 42 is obtained, which in turn causes an increase in current in the circuit 4l. This increase in current in the circuit 4l, however, is adjusted by means of the rectifier 42, so that it is made responsive to power factor changes in a well known manner by means of the bypass 50 and resistance 5l as above described. The increase in the alternating current in the circuit 4l thus varies the action of the booster 32, so that it produces an increase of electromotive force, which increase, however, is produced only at those periods during which the power current is flowing in the conductor 27. lt will thus be apparent that the battery is caused to discharge only at those periods at which the power or power current is being consumed in that phase represented by conductorv 27, and that at those periods or points in the alternating current in which no power' is being consumed the battery will not discharge. fis shown, it is assumed that the loads on the phases represented by conductors Aand Q6 are so constant that they need no regulation, and the booster 81 regulates for changes in the phase corresponding to conductor 27 independently of changes in the other phases.

lt may be desirable in seine systems and it will be clearly apparent that the booster may be eliminated and separate boosters, such as 32, may be inserted in place thereof, such boosters having lield coils connected and arranged with respect to the main circuit exactly as the eld coil 39 is connected. in this way each of the plia'es on the main alternating current circuit will be regulated in the same manner responsive to current fluctuations on that phase and power factor changes thereof, and the battery would be caused to pump energy into these phases exactly in accoruance with the waves of each, and only at those periods when power is being supplied thereto by the main generator. its shown, howefer, the booster 33 is not provided with the regulating fields with which the booster 32 is provided but the booster 33 is inserted largely for the purpose of inserting or producing a voltage in the conductors and 35, so that these conductors will supply a voltage to the main alternating current circuit substantially equivalent to the*A supplied by the concluetor 36 under average conditions. rlhe converter 3() acts in a well known manner to transfer energy from the battery to the main circuits when the load thereon is above normal, and to transfer energy from the inain alternating current circuit to the battery 2S to charge the same when the load thereon is below normal.

Referring to Fig. 5, of three-phase l there show a source alter .ating current supplying the thre phase alternating current circuit 55, and represents a storage battery connected in a directcurrent circuit 59 across the direct current end of a rotary converter 60 included in series with the battery 58. ln the circuit 59 is a booster 6l driven by a shunt motor 62 shown connected across the battery 58. The alternating current end of the converter 6() is connected to the niain alternating current circuit by means of conductors 63, Gil and 65 respectively.

rthe booster 6l is provided with a 'series in the conductor eld coil 66 which is connected in a circuit 67 in series with secondaries 68 and 69 of two transformers 70 and 7l respectively. rlhe primaries 72 and 73 of these transformers are connected in series with a circuit 7ewhich is connected across the alternating cu rent endv of a converter rlhe converter 75 is similar in every respect to the converter lt() of Fig. l and is connected in exactly the saine manner to a rectifier 76, by means of a circuit 77, the rectifier 7 6 being` connected to a secondary of a transformer Z8 in seies with the conductor 55 o-f the main circuit by means of conductors rlhe apparatus T5, T6 and 7T acts to produce in the circuit 74ran alternating current which varies in accordance with the alternating current cn the main circuit corresponding to the phase in conductor and also to power factor changes thereof. rlie transformers 72 and 73, therefore, produce in the circuit 6T a uni-directional pulsating current exactly in the same way as an unidirectional pulsating current was produced in the circuit l2, l2, of Fig. l. AFor this purpose aluminum rectitiers 8O and 6l are connected across the secondaries 68 and 69 similarly or in the same way that rectiliers i9 and 2O are connected in Fig. l. l use the term direct current broadly, so as to include uni-directional, pulsating current. lin an exactly similar' manner the booster 6l is provided with a field coil 181 in which is produced a pulsating` unidirectional current responsive to load changes on the direct current circuit in the phase represented by conductor For this purpose a transformer S2 is connected in and current is furnished thereby through the rectilier S8, converter Se, transformers and 86 to the circuit 8T. Also in a similar manner booster 6l is provided with a iield coil S8 which is supplied with a uni-directional fluctuating current responsive to power factor changes and changes in magnitude of the loa d on the main alternating current circuit corresponding to that phase represented by conduc tor 57. For this purpose Lransformer S9 is included in series in conductor 57 and supplies the rectifier 90 which feeds the couverter 9i, which in turn supplies circuit 92 and field 8S through the transformers 93 and 94e. in each of these cases aluminum rectifiers 95, 96, 9T and 98 are provided in the saine manner as the rectifier-s 60 and 6 rlhe various rectiers and converters "(5, 76, 83, 64, 90 and 91 are driven by a synchronous motor 99 by means of ashaft 100, the motor being supplied with alternating current from the main circuit through a t "ansforiner lOl. The operation of this system is follows. The lield coil G6 is sup plied with a uni-directional pulsating current from the transformers 70 and 7l in eX` actly. the same manner as the coil ll is suprent and power factor changes in the otherl two phases of the main alternating current circuit. rIhese field coils 66, 181 and 88, therefore, regulate the booster and, when an excess load occurs on the system, cause it to periodically pump energy into the converter and hence to the alternating current circuit, the fluctuations or pulsations of which have the same frequency as that of the alternating current circuit and are substantially in phase therewith. By this action the battery delivers energy only when it is needed and the result is a most efficient and economical arrangement and operation for such systems. It will also be apparent that by combining the converters and rectifiers shown, I have provided a very eflicient means for delivering an alternating current which is responsive not only to variations in the current supplied to the machines, but also responsive to variations in power factor changes thereof. The arrangement shown in Fig. 4 is also especially efficient since by that arrangement the booster may be inserted on the alternating current side of the converter 30, and field excitation thereof is such that it causes the battery to pump energv on to any one phase of the line or vice ver, in exact accordance with the frequency of that particular phase. By so arranging the booster the aluminum reetifiers shown in the other figures may be omitted. Various other advantages and features will clearly appear to those skilled in the art.

Although I have described my improvements with great detail. nevertheless I do not desire to be limited thereto except as specilied hereinafter in the claims, but

Having fully and clearly described lmy invention what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery and connections whereby it may be charged from said circuit and discharge thereto, including means for causing the battery to discharge fluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including a transformer supplied. by current responsive tothe current in said circuit and means for shortcircuitinor said transformer when the electromotive fbi-ce in one direction and not'in the other.

2. In an electrical system of distribution,

lan alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery and connections whereby it may be charged from said circuit and discharge thereto, including means for causing the battery to discharge lluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including an auxiliary circuit and means for allowing current to flow in one direction in said circuit but not in the other.

3. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged to be charged from said circuit and to discharge thereto, and means for causing the battery to discharge fluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including au auxiliary circuit acting to regulate the action of the battery and means for causing a pulsating uni-directional current to flow in said circuit responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit.

4. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged to be charged from said circuit and to discharge thereto, and means for causing the battery to discharge fluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including a transformer supplied by current responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, an auxiliary circuit connected to said transformer, and an aluminum rectifier for causing a pulsating current to be produced in said circuit by the transformer.

5. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged to be charged from sald circuit and to discharge thereto, and means for causing the battery to discharge fluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including an auxiliary circuit, means for producing a plurality of alternatin current electromotive forces in said circuit'responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, and means for causing said electromotive forces to produce current in said circuit only'in one direction.

6. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged to be charged'from said circuit and to discharge thereto, and means for causing the battery to discharge luctat= ingly, saidluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said ineans including an auxiliary circuit, ineans for producing a plurality of alternating current electroinotive forces in said circuit responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, and ineansfor causing said electroniotive forces to produce current in said circuit only in one direction.

'l'. ln an electrical systein of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged to be charged frein said circuit and to discharge thereto, and ineans for causing the battery to discharge fluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the sanie frequency as the pulsations of the alternating` current circuit, said inea-ns including an auxiliary circuit, ineans for producing a plurality of electromotive forces in series in said auxiliary circuit, said elec troinoti-ve forces having opposite phase relations, and rectiiiers for short-circuiting said electroinotivc forces to produce a unidirectional pulsating current in the auxiliary circuit.

8. ln an electrical system) of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage battery arranged be charged from said circuit and to discharge thereto, and means for causing the battery to discharge tluctuat ingly, said fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said ineans including an auxiliary circuit, transformers oppositely connected in series in said circuit and supplied by current responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, and a rectiiier of the aluminum type connecter across each transformer to short-circuit the saine when its electroinotive force is in one direction but not in the other.

9. ln an electrical systein of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a direct current circuit including a battery, a booster, converting apparatus connecting the direct and alternating' current circuits, and ineans for controlling the booster to cause the battery to discharge iiuctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency* as the pulsations ofthe alternating current circuit, said ineans including an auxiliary circuit and means for allowing current to flow in one direction in said circuit but not in the other.

l0. In an electrical systei'n of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a. direct current circuit including a battery, a booster, converting apparatus connecting the direct and alternating current circuits,'and ineens for controlling the booster to cause the,l battery to discharge fiuctuatingly, said fluctuations, having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsationsof the alternating current circuit, said ineans including an auxiliary circuit, ineans for producing a plurality of alternating current electronictive forces in said circuit responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, and ineans for causing said electroniotive forces to produce current in said circuit only in one direction.

ll. ln an electrical systcin of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a direct current circuit including a battery, a booster, converting apparatus, connecting the direct and alternating current circuits, and ineans for controlling the booster to cause the battery to discharge tiuctuatingly, aid fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said means including an auiiiliary circuit, ineans for producing a plurality of electroinotive forces in series in said auxiliary circuit, said electroinotive forces having opposite phase relations and rectiiiers for short-circuiting said electroinotive forces to produce uni-directional pulsating current in the auxiliary circuit.

l2. ln an electrical system of distribution` an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical therefor, a stora @e battery operatively arranged to discharge to and be charged frein said circuit, ineans controlling the action of said battery responsive to variations on the alternating ruirrent circuit and to cause it to discharge tiuctuatinsrly, said fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, and ineens for causing the action of the battery to be rev sponsiye to power factor changes.

13. ln an electrical systeni of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a storage batt-ery arranged to be charged groin said and to discharge thereto, and ineens for causing the battery to discharg tluctuatingly, said fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said incans including an auxiliary circuit and means for allowing current to flou in one direction in Said circuit but not in the other, and ineans for causing the current in said circuit to be responsive to power factor changes.

la. in an electrical systein of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source of electrical energy therefor, a. storage batt i' arranged to be charged froin said circ t and to discharge thereto, and ineans for causing the battery to discharge tluctuat ingly, said fluctuations having substantially the saine frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit, said ineans including an auxiliary circuit, ineans for producing` a plurality of electrcniotive forces in series in said auxiliary c'rcuit, said electroinotive forces having opposite 'phase rele.-

tions, means for causing said electromotive forces to be responsive to power factor changes of the system, and rectiiiers for short-circuiting said electromotive forces to produce a uni-directional pulsating current in the auxiliary circuit.

15. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternatingr current circuit supplied thereby, a storage apparatus therefor, an auxiliary circuit acting to control the action of the storage apparatus and means for producing a unidirectional pulsating electromotive force in said auxiliary circuit responsive to changes on the alternating current circuit, and responsive to power factor changes of the system.

16. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternating current circuit supplied thereby, a storage apparatus therefor', an auxiliary circuit acting to control the action of the storage apparatus, and means for producing a unidirectional pulsating current in said auxiliary circuit responsive to changes on the alternating current circuit, the pulsations having the same frequency as the pulsations of the alternating current circuit to cause the apparatus to discharge with a current in phase with the power on the alternating current circuit.

I7. In an electrical system of distribution, an alternating current circuit, a source therefor, a storage battery in operative relation thereto, means for regulating the charge and discharge of the battery responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, said means including a rectifier supplied with current responsive to current variations on the alternating current circuit, and delivering a current responsive to power factor changes, a converter for changing said last mentioned current into alternating current, a circuit receiving the alternating current from said converter, and means for converting said last mentioned alternating current into a pulsating uni-directional current.

18. In an electrical system of distribution, alternating current circuit, a source therefor, a storage battery in operative relation thereto, means for regulating the charge and discharge of the battery responsive to variations on the alternating current circuit, said means including an auxiliary circuit for each phase and carrying a current responsive to load changes on its phase of the alternating` current circuit, and means for causing the current in each auxiliary circuit to be uni-directional, having pulsations corresponding to those of its phase.

1.9. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, analternating current circuit supplied thereby, 'regulating apparatus therefor including a compensatory storage apparatus and a regulating winding, and means arranged to deliver an alternating current to said winding which varies responsive to load changes and to power factor changes on said alternating current circuit.

20. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternat-ing current circuit supplied thereby, regulating apparatus therefor including a compensatory storage apparatus and a regulating winding, and apparatus arranged to deliver an alternating current to said winding responsive to variations in the energy component of load on said circuit.

9.1. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternating current circuit supplied thereby, regulating apparatus therefor including a reglating winding, means arranged to produce a direct current responsive to variations in the load on said circuit and responsive to power factor changes thereof, and means for converting said direct current into alternating current and delivering it to said winding.

22. In an electrical system of distribution, a source cf alternating current, an alternating current circuit supplied thereby, regulating apparatus therefor including a regulating winding, a rectifier arranged to produce a direct current responsive to theI energy component on said circuit, including means for by-passing the current corresponding to the wattless component, and a converter arranged to supply said winding with alternating current from said direct current.

The combination Of a suitable source of ciectroinotive force means supplied by alternating current and arranged to deliver a direct current which varies responsive to load and power factor changes of the alternating current, means arranged to deliier an alternating current responsive to changes in said direct current and an electrical machine excited responsive to changes in said last mentioned alternating current.

24;. The combination of a suitable source of electromotive force a device supplied by alternating current and arranged to deliver a direct current which varies responsive to load and power factor changes of the alternating current, said device including means for bypassing a current which varies responsive to the wattless component of said alternating current, means arranged to deliver an alternating current responsive to changes in said direct urrcnt and an electric machine, excited responsive to changes in said last mentioned alternating current.

The combination of a suitable source of electromotive force a rectifier supplied by current and arranged toy deliver a current responsive to power factor changes and variations in load, a converter arranged to deliver a current responsive to changes in the current delivered by said rectier and an electric machine elicited responsive to changes in said converter current.

2G. The combination of a suitable source of electromotive force a rectifier supplied by sin gle phase alternating current and arranged to deliver a direct current responsive to variations in the alternating current and to power factor changes thereof, a converter arranged to deliver an alternating current responsive to changes in said direct current and an electric machine excited responsive to changes in said converter current.

2i'. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternating current circuit supplied thereby, compensating apparatus therefor, including a booster arranged to produce a pulsating electromotive force responsive to power factor changes on said circuit.

28. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, an alternating current circuit supplied thereby, a storage battery operatively arranged With said circuit and a booster therefor arranged to regulate the charge and discharge of the battery by producing a pulsating electromotive force which varies as the load on said circuit and responsive to power factor changes thereof.

29.' ^n an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase alternatingcurrent circuit supplied thereby` and regulating apparatus therefor including` a regulating' machine operatively arranged with respect to one phase, and arranged to produce pulsating electromotive force which varies as the load on its respective phase of the circuit.

30. ln an electrical system of distribution a source of alternating current, a polyphase alternating current circuit supplied thereby and regulating` apparatus therefor including` a regulating machine operatively arranged With respect to one phase, and arranged to produce a pulsating electromotive force in phase with its respective phase of the alternating current circuit and responsive to variations in the load of the phase.

31. ln an electrical system of distribution a source of alternating current, a polyphase alternating current circuit supplied thereby and regulating apparatus therefor including a regulatingmachine operatively arranged with respect to one phase, and arranged to produce a pulsating electromotive force in phase With and having the same frequency as the pulsations of its respective phase on the polyphase circuit and responsive to load and power factor changes of that particular phase.

32. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, boosting apparatus therefor, and means for causing said appa- -ot changes on the other phase or phases.

ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage apparatus and a booster operatively arranged with respect thereto, and means for exciting the booster with a pulsating current responsive to load changes on one of said phases but independently of changes on the other phase or phases.

35. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage apparatus and a booster operatively arranged with respect thereto, and means for exciting the booster with a pulsating current responsive to load changes and poiver factor changes on one of said phases but independently of changes on the other phase or phases.

36. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage battery and appropriate converter' operatively connected therewith, a booster therefor aranged to produce a pulsating current substantially in phase with the load on one of the phases of the polyphase circuit, and means for exciting said booster With a pulsating current substantially in phase with the load on one of the phases of said circuit.

87. ln an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage battery and appropriate converter operatively connected therewith, a booster therefor arranged to produce a pulsating current substantially in phase with the load on one of the phases of the polyphase circuit, and means for exciting said booster With a pulsating current substantially in phase With the load on one of the phases of said circuit and varying responsive to load and power factor changes of that phase.

38. In an electrical system of distribuition, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, boosting apparatus therefor, a plurality of field coils for the boosting apparatus corresponding to various phases of the polyphase circuit, and means for independently exciting each of said field coils responsive to variations in the load on its particular phase.

39. l-n an electrical system of distribution,

soV

a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage battery and appropriate converter operatively connected therewith, boosting apparatus therefor, a plurality of field coils for the boosting apparatus corresponding to various phases of the polyphase circuit, and means for independently exciting each of said field coils responsive to Variations in the load and power factor changes on its particular phase.

40. In an electrical system of distribution, a source of alternating current, a polyphase circuit supplied thereby, a storage battery and appropriate converter operatively connected therewith, a booster therefor, a plurality of iield coils for the booster corresponding to various phases ofthe polyphase circuit, and means for independently exciting each of said field coils with a pulsating current responsive to load and power factor changes on its particular phase of the polyphase circuit.

41. In an electrical system of distribution,

a source of polyphase current, a polyphase Copies of this patent may be obtained for ve cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C. 

